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Smoking, the biggest Women’s Enemy
Published on December 16, 2008 3:05 AM
Premenstrual Syndrome is another reason why women have to say no to cigarettes.
Dr. Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson of the University of Massachusetts in Amherst and her colleagues found that women 27 to 44 years old who smoke are twice as likely to develop premenstrual syndrome over the next two to four years, especially hormonally-related symptoms like backaches, bloating, breast tenderness, and acne.
Bertone-Johnson reported that up to 20% of women have PMS severe enough to affect their relationships and interfere with their normal activities. Smoking has been shown to affect levels of several different hormones and the handful of studies looking into PMS and smoking has suggested that women with the syndrome are more likely to be smokers, the researchers added.
The scientists analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study II, which has been following 116,678 US registered nurses since 1989. The researchers looked at a subset of women who were PMS-free during the first two years of the study, comparing 1,057 who did go on to develop PMS to 1,968 who did not. The women who were current smokers were 2.1 times as likely as non-smokers to have PMS within the next two to four years, the researchers found. The risk rise with the amount of cigarettes they smoked. For example women who start to smoking in adolescence or young adulthood were at even greater risk but those who had begun smoking before their 15th birthday were 2.53 times as likely to develop PMS.
Smoking has a different impact at different times in women’s lives. For example was found that women who start smoking at younger ages smoke for more years than those starting when they are older. Previous studies suggest that smoking may alter levels of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and other hormones, many of which may be involved in the development of PMS.
Other studies have found that smokers have shorter and more irregular menstrual cycles than non-smokers.
Smoking, the biggest Women’s Enemy
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